The aim of which tasks are to examine the result out-of reproduce and you will decades to your egg production together with eggs outside and you will interior high quality within the four Italian dual-purpose types , at the beginning and lots of weeks afterwards than earliest weeks putting hobby one to happened, respectively, at the conclusion of june/start of trip and in wintertime, around variable environmental conditions.
2.step 1. Pets and you will Rearing Standards
Five Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), was basically noticed toward study. You lbs from mature lady is step one.25 kilogram in PP, 2.31 kilogram into the Er and you can step three.05 kilogram in RM and you may RL. The source ‘s the Veneto part (Italy): PP are a vintage local reproduce; the source are old back again to new XIX century, however, no right investigation on the its hereditary origin are present. One other breeds were created during the Veneto in 1950s: the newest Emergency room reproduce arises from Sussex (tinted eggshell breed) and you may Rhode Area (brown eggshell reproduce) breeds, while on the RM and RL types, Brown Orpington and you can White America, a couple of brown eggshell types were used . And the adult pounds, this type of breeds differ within their plumage the colour: it is fantastic inside the PP, Er reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage is predominantly light with black extremities in several countries of one’s muscles, black colored feathers regarding primaries and end and you may RL shows an excellent tawny plumage having black colored feathers out of primaries and you may tail. All types (Profile S1) let you know single comb and you can lay tinted eggshell eggs (Contour S2).
dos. Product and methods
Wild birds away from for each breed hatched meanwhile (second half regarding elizabeth ranch of Centre to own Poultry Biodiversity Preservation on the Veneto region (it routinely offers up new rearing ones breeds too when it comes to egg creation to have incubation and you can brooding), inside the Northern Italy (45°02 hitta lГ¤nkar?53? N), regarding hatching towards pubertal years and regarding putting period, and this come in the end out of june with the start of autumn (Profile step 1), depending on the breed. Giving, rearing conditions (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis steps were a comparable on the four breeds, ever since away from hatching into end of your studied several months, that was from inside the , during the 53 weeks of age. Brand new newly hatched chicks was in fact leftover indoors in the earliest cuatro weeks of lives, on a green temperatures decreasing from thirty two so you’re able to 24 °C, significantly less than infra-purple rays lighting fixtures, into litter. Within step one.5 days of age, the latest wild birds were given totally free entry to outdoor rooms, regarding springtime to help you autumn and you may winter season. For every single breed (60 hens) got totally free the means to access outside (5 m dos /bird) area (armed with linear drinkers), where the hens resided non-stop, in order to interior (4 hens/yards 2 ) space (wood shavings and you can straw litter, with perches and you can game feeders), mainly used getting installing egg (cumulative nests) and also at evening; the room (indoor and you can outdoor) accessible to for each breed was divided of the netting.
At the beginning of installing (around twenty-two days old to your reproduce having earlier start of laying), when you look at the Sep–Oct, with respect to the reproduce, the new photoperiod was sheer and you may decreasing, according to the seasons together with geographic condition of trial route for the North Italy (normally, 12L:12D), and also for the next months (out of 38 months of age, away from December to 53 days of age), fake light is slowly increased (inside interior area, incandescent bulb, on 60 lux) to obtain good photoperiod from 14L:10D. The latest photoperiod try regulated because of the a timekeeper, also it is attained by switching on the brand new light an hour or so prior to sunrise and you may turning off it one hour just after sundown. The new additional ecological temperature try ten ± step 3.cuatro °C and 11 ± step three.0 °C, respectively, with the basic (right away regarding October towards the prevent out-of November) together with next (right from the start from January towards prevent of February) installing symptoms, in the event the analysis for the produce efficiency and you may egg quality was in fact compiled. The newest pet were given ad libitum industrial nourishes predicated on its psychological stage (about three diversified industrial feeds into the expanding several months). On earliest putting stage (26–33 days old, lower than coming down sheer photoperiod), if the types started laying, the newest birds were given a commercial pelleted offer (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, California = 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = 9.1%, Me = thirteen.7 MJ/kg), within a proportion of just one:step 1. It’s worth recalling one to, at that ages, just the twin-purpose and you may tinted eggshell types shown a varying start of installing and eggs development price, while the fresh hens belonging to the other varieties of this new Maintenance Heart having Biodiversity and you may hatched at the same time of your analyzed breeds, including the white eggshell breeds, don’t initiate installing (Padovana breed) otherwise they exhibited a very scant putting interest (Polverara breed), never achieving the endurance out of 10% hen–go out egg manufacturing. The reason for the option of the fresh new Preservation Heart, not to ever have fun with a rss feed to have laying hens throughout this era, are on account of not forcing the newest pullets to help you eggs production throughout a season with decreasing temperature and you will photoperiod. New birds expanded outdoors, under favourable conditions for skeletal health, walking around surface and you will below solar power light. From the outdoor area each breed, the current presence of turf accessible to the latest birds was higher throughout the the newest expanding months than just at onset of laying, hence happened after the summer time, in the event that rain was scarce and you may don’t support a yard regrowth. Out of 38 to 53 days of age, and not as much as growing photoperiod, the newest hens was indeed provided a professional pelleted offer to have putting (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every feeds consisted mainly of maize and you can soybean.